The Truly Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald Essay - 869 Words

The Truly Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald Hopes and dreams are needed to give mans efforts a meaning, or a purpose. Pushing towards some ideal is how man can feel a sense of his own identity. In the novel The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby is a man with tremendous and infinite hope (Fitzgerald, 6). To be able to accomplish a life long dream, one must have strong determination that can in no way be weakened by any obstacles one might face. It is the hope of achieving your dream that keeps you from wandering away from it and guides you to the right path. In order to achieve his dream, Gatsby was motivated, optimistic and brave. Whether or not he eventually was able to accomplish this dream, having these qualities in a person certainly indicate†¦show more content†¦This lack of wealth motivated Gatsby and made him determined to work hard in order to become rich and regain Daisys love. He worked hard to reach his goal and was eventually able to achieve it as a result of his optimism and endless determination. Another evidence of Gatsbys motivation is his productive daily schedule which he set for himself. His father tells Nick about it: Look here, this is a book he had when he was a boy. It just shows you. Rise from bed .................. 6.00 AM Dumbbell exercise and wall scaling 6.15-6.30 Study electricity, etc. .............7.15-8.15 Work ..................... 8.30-4.30 Baseball and sports ................ 4.30-5.00 P.M. Practice elocution, poise and how to attain it 5.00-.00 Study needed inventions .............. 7.00-9.00 GENERAL RESOLVES No wasting time at Shafters or [a name, indecipherable] No more smoking or chewing Bath every other day Read one improving book or magazine per week Save $5.00 [crossed out] $3.00 per week Be better to parents (Fitzgerald, 181). This schedule clearly illustrates Gatsbys motivation. He was bound to get ahead (Fitzgerald, 182). His no wasting time rule and read one improving book habit were his means of improving himself and therefore accomplishing his dream. Gatsby was optimistic because he never lost hope of achieving his dream. Many people hadShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1036 Words   |  5 Pagesbloodshed. However, for many this allows them to shine in a way that they could not back at home. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, it is placed in the post war era. Gatsby, one of the main protagonists, is a war hero that fought in World War I. World War I is important to The Great Gatsby due to how integrated it is to the past of Gatsby and F. Scott Fitzgerald. In the beginning, Fitzgerald had many people in his life that played an influential part in his literary career. First, his maternalRead MoreAmerican Dream : The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1280 Words   |  6 PagesDream cannot truly be happy because their life is not truly fulfilled, which does not satisfy their ambition. Jay Gatsby, a young man who over came poverty, and achieved the ideal American Dream but fell in love with a young lady, is like a bow and arrow, his love from Daisy pushed him to achieve what he has now and did anything and everything he could to achieve what he wanted. In reality, most Americans settle for something other than what is promised to them. In the book The Great Gatsby by ScottRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald999 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby is an extraordinary novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who tells the story about the wealthy man of Long Island named, Jay Gatsby, a middl e aged man with a mysterious past, who lives at a gothic mansion and hosts many parties with many strangers who were not entirely invited. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, many characters are discussed uniquely to an extent from the festive, yet status hungry Roaring Twenties. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald introducesRead MoreThe Corruption Of The American Dream956 Words   |  4 PagesWilkinson Alicia Maggert English Honors III 09 April 2017 The Corruption of the American Dream F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays the American Dream as a set of goals that included freedom, settlement, and an honest life with the possibility of social and economic success earned through hard work, but was corrupted and degraded by the egotistical materialism of the 1920s. Fitzgerald, in The Great Gatsby, aims to discredit the supposed purity of the American Dream and belief that anyone can attain it throughRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1286 Words   |  6 Pagesin F. Scott Fitzgerald’s writing of The Great Gatsby. To begun, he makes use of many allusions to Arthurian legends, the philosopher Plato, Trimalchio, and Christ. Furthermore, to better understand the characters, he utilizes symbolism. In conclusion, throughout The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald incorporates subtle, yet flawless use of literary devices to aid in the development of characters and theme. First and foremost, F. Scott Fitzgerald utilizes the literary device of allusionRead MoreHumanities Through the Arts: Artistic Criticism Essay examples1063 Words   |  5 Pageson self-indulgence and happiness like never before. The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is the ideal portrayal of this time era. In a time shortly after war, this novel captures the audience, forcing them to participate in the setting and with the characters. Jay Gatsby, the focal point of this novel, is used as a representation of this era in American history and as an example of the pursuit of the American Dream. Fitzgerald uses vivid diction that captivates the reader and his symbolismRead MoreInfluences on F. Scott Fitzgeralds writing in The Great Gatsby1658 Words   |  7 PagesThe Roaring Twenties was a period of frivolous days and exciting nights. Times were prosperous and life was good for most. In The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, F. Scott Fitzgerald writes about the fictitious life of Jay Gatsby, a self-made millionaire (Gross 1). The setting of the novel is New York in the twenties, a time, and place, where people were jovial and carefree. In New York, more than anywhere, people did not worry about lifes downs, but focused on the highlife and partying. ProhibitionRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Character Analysis1071 Words   |  5 Pagesdonates a certain aspect of themselves in order to truly bring out the ideal message. The way in which a character values his/herself determines the impact they have on other characters, which leads to the progression towards the central theme. Fitzgerald uses Gatsby, the main protagonist, to balance out the beliefs between Gatsby himself, and all individuals who are a contributing factor to the plot. In the novel The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses Gatsby to portray stability between individuals duringRead MoreThe Great Gatsby: Admiration for Gatsbys Character as Fitzgeralds Novel Progresses950 Words   |  4 Pa gesF. Scott Fitzgerald wrote â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† in 1926, however he set it in the summer of 1922, or as he christened it, the Jazz age. Through the way Gatsby is perceived we can see Fitzgerald’s ideas on the American dream and the effects it has on those who chase it. I chose this question as it relates strongly to how my views towards Gatsby change as the novel proceeds. Fitzgerald achieves this alter in feelings through his writing style, the theme of the novel and his use of narration. My initialRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom a low economic or social level towards prosperity, wealth, or fame. The novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by Scott Fitzgerald embodies many themes however the novel’s most significant theme relates to the American dream and the corruption it brings. This achievement of reaching the â€Å"American Dream† is commonly portrayed by having money, a big house, a car, a happy family, and other upscale possessions. Fitzgerald shows how this dream is full of materialism, and how materialism corrupts the lives of people

Importance of Teamwork and Collaboration - 1014 Words

In many instances, the environment in which an individual encounters, influences decisions in the future. Evidence has proven that the individuals we surround ourselves with, have a direct impact on our development and subsequent success in society. Teachers, schools, communities, friends, and parents all impact the manner in which an individual develops within the context of society. A great influence on my decision to pursue graduate level study was that of my parents. Both being teachers, I personally was impacted by their love of education and continuous learning. This ultimately manifested in my medical studies and fellowship back in the UAE. My parents, both of whom taught the fundematels of knowledge were based on a solid foundation of education, stressed the importance of countinuous learning. Certifications and degrees mean nothing with the absence of continuous learning and subsequent application. Therefore, as a result of their influence, I have pursued my medical degree i n the field of clinical and transitional research. My parents were instrumental in my development as they recognized the importance of education. They instilled in me, at a very young age, the importance of a proper education. Through their mentorship, I also learned how education can help alleviate many of the problems plaguing emerging economies regarding health. This profound focus and education and its utilization to help society is what enabled my pursuit of a medical degree. It is from thisShow MoreRelatedTeamwork And Collaboration : How It s Integrated Into Education, Nursing Practice, And Attitude848 Words   |  4 Pages QSEN: Teamwork and Collaboration Teamwork is simply stated as less me and more we. With teamwork and collaboration, many wonderful things can be achieved especially in the healthcare profession. Anesthesiologists, CRNAs, surgeons, and O.R. nurses were interviewed regarding quality and importance of collaboration. Each profession rated 81-96% high for the importance of collaboration (Dellinger, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to discuss teamwork and collaboration and how it relates to knowledgeRead MoreQuality And Safety Education For Nurses1142 Words   |  5 PagesQuality and Safety Education for Nurses Teamwork and collaboration are capable to effectively function within professional teams, remaining respectful, mutual decision-making, and developing open communication to attain the optimal quality of care for patients. To create a collaborative atmosphere, several characteristics must be involved; knowledge, skills, and attitude. Knowledge is a way to describe an individual’s strengths, weaknesses, and principles to collaborate within a group of workersRead MoreChapter1-Introduction. Existing Studies Focus On The Impact1030 Words   |  5 PagesChapter1-Introduction Existing studies focus on the impact of teamwork and productivity on implementing, quality improvement. For example developing a culture within the work place where teamwork is a vital necessity can significantly improve performance, effectiveness, efficiency, morale, job satisfaction, unity of purpose, communications, innovative thinking, quality, speed in getting things done, and loyalty to an organization (Warrick, 2014). In corporate America, superiority and personal recognitionRead MoreThe Importance Of Teamwork With Care Coordination Across The Continuum1583 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept analysis I chose is the teamwork concept. The purpose of this concept analysis of teamwork is to provide an understanding on the importance of teamwork with care coordination across the continuum. Teamwork After review of the literature using journal reviews, search engines, google, bing, cinahl, sage, medline and book reviews, with keywords of teamwork, team, coordination, and collaboration, I found numerous amount of literature regarding the concept of teamwork. This not only included healthcareRead MoreWhat Do Nurses Really Do?1711 Words   |  7 Pagesattitudes through practice. Quality and safety education for nursing incorporates competencies that all nurses must use in their practice. These nursing competencies include evidence-based nursing practice, quality improvement, safety, teamwork and collaboration, patient-centered care, and informatics. For years, the care that nurses provided to patients was not supported by research. Care has been provided based on tradition, family practice and advice, herbal remedies, and techniques that nursesRead MoreThe Advantages of Teamwork at the Workplace1051 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Teamwork in the workplace has never seemed as important as it currently stands. Much of the cross-training that takes place in the workplace is due to the extended importance that has been placed on developing teams comprised of members who can handle a variety of tasks and are able to transition throughout the company at a moments notice. There are important components that a team must have in order to be the efficient and effective force that most managers desire of them. Effective teams areRead MoreThe Whole Foods Culture Is Premised On Decentralized Teamwork869 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Collaboration, teamwork, and communication†, make for a better work environment (Oberoi, 2013, para. 10). â€Å"The Whole Foods culture is premised on decentralized teamwork† which is supported by collaboration and furthered by communication (Fishman, 1996, para. 7). However, collaboration, teamwork and communication do not work in the absence of trust. Accordingly, Whole Foods looks to create an environment in which employees trust one another and the organization as a whole. Whole Foods createdRead MoreDefinition Of Health Care Quality1657 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership, Structural Empowerment, Exemplary Professional Practice, New Knowledge, Innovations and Improvements and Empirical Outcomes (ANCC, 2008). Utilizing all of these components help to maintain high quality health care. Also I have seen the importance of utilizing health care teams in order to provide patients with high quality care. I work primarily in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and I have seen that the ability to work together (doctors, nurses, patients, and other services) ensures thatRead MoreMidterm Patient Quality And Safety Paper1603 Words   |  7 Pagescare, with the focus on new and improved ways of thinking, The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) initiative was developed. The QSEN focuses on the following competencies: patient-centered care, quality improvement, safety, and teamwork and collaboration. Their initiatives work to prepare and develop the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are necessary to make improvements in the quality and safety of health care systems (Qsen.org, 2014). Question One Patient-Centered Care Patient-centeredRead MoreSkills and Competencies818 Words   |  4 Pagessatisfaction and health outcomes (Massachusetts Department of Higher Education Nurse of the Future Competency Committee, 2010). Essential VI: Interprofessional Communication and Collaboration for Improving Patient Health Outcomes Effective communication and collaboration among health professionals is imperative to providing patient-center care. All health professions are challenged to educate future clinicians to deliver patient-centered care as members of

Environmental Crime Control free essay sample

Outline and critically discuss what you see as the main examples of attempts to control crime using ‘environmental controls’ It is generally understood that crime prevention strategies developed with the neo-liberal governance that began in the 1970’s soon after the decline of welfarism. The rise of the neo-liberalism meant the weakening of rehabilitation efforts, the return of punitive punishment and an increase in the prison population, as well as an increase in society’s fear of crime leading to politicisation and populism linked to crime (Matthews, 2002). Attempts to eradicate or prevent crime have often focused on punishment and a ‘prison works’ system that deals with the offender once the criminal act has occurred, rather than specifically focusing on preventing the crime from happening in the first place. The past decade has shown that the British government’s dogmatic response to crime â€Å"gives priority to case-processing and the punishment of offenders† particularly due to the public’s fear of crime and want for a more punitive response to crime (Garland, 2000, pg2). We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Crime Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although environmental control theories are not particularly recognised by the public nor have they been chiefly researched by criminologists in the past, evidence suggests that some forms of environmental control have proven to be highly successful (Clarke, 1983). The idea that crime can be prevented by the analysis of places in which crime occurs most frequently, followed by the alteration of the design of a building or reducing the criminal’s opportunities and temptation to offend, will be examined throughout this paper. Situational Crime prevention emphasises the use of target hardening, surveillance and access control in order to reduce the temptations of crime in urban areas that would usually experience high crime rates (Vellani, 2007). The fundamental theories behind situational crime prevention are rational choice theory and routine activity theory which will be analysed in order to understand their contributions to environmental crime controls today. Lastly, and most importantly, is the influence of ‘Crime Prevention through Environmental design’ in the decline of criminal activity in certain geographical areas. The ‘Defensible space’ theory relies on residents to practice the use of territorial surveillance (Clarke, 1983). All of these theories will be analysed in order to highlight the main examples of attempts to prevent and manipulate crime using environmental controls. Situational crime prevention, or control theory, is an important theory used by academics and criminologists in order to analyse environmental controls used to manage crime. Situational crime prevention emphasises the need to focus on the settings of a crime rather than specifically focusing on the offender (Clarke, 1997). By sourcing out the geographical areas that crime occurs most regularly, law enforcement can then anticipate and prevent that crime from happening. In the 1970’s, UK policy makers had a tendency to focus their attention on ‘dispositional’ rather than ‘situational’ variables when interpreting and approaching crime prevention, which meant focusing specifically on the individuals character and not on the situation or setting that the crime may take place (Hughes, 1998). Jock Young coined the term administrative criminology in the 1980’s in order to argue that â€Å"the search for causes is futile, but the opportunities to commit crime can be controlled† (Hughes, 1998, p59). Administrative criminologists’ focus their research on the setting in which the crime has taken place, ignoring the social causes of crime by assuming that the offender has made a rational decision by means of weighing up the costs and benefits of their behaviour (McLaughlin and Muncie, 2001). As said by Vellani, the four main goals that situational control theory aims to achieve are; â€Å"increasing perceived effort, increasing perceived risk, reducing anticipated awards, and removing excuses† (Vellani, 2007). In order to accomplish these goals successfully there must be some analysis of the criminal’s motivations because the termination of opportunity may infuriate the criminal and possibly lead to crime displacement (Gilling, 2007). Crime displacement theory presumes that once the opportunity of a crime is removed then the criminal act will only move to a different location, at a different time. However, much research indicates that crime displacement is very rare, and may not happen at all (Clarke, 1997; AGJ, 2011). Although administrative criminologists steer away from the social causes of crime the work of community safety partnerships that aim to prevent crime must not be ignored. Community safety partnerships that deal with the ‘social’ crime prevention aspect, aim to deter potential offenders from criminal activity through striving to enhance opportunities in education and employment, as well as improving leisure facilities, with the intention of deterring those most vulnerable away from crime (Ekblom and Tilley, 2000). Routine activity and rational choice theory have developed from situational crime prevention, emphasising the effects of the social environment and situational circumstances on a criminal’s decision to commit crime. Rational choice theory, developed by Ronald V. Clarke, derived from classical theory which suggests that people freely make decisions to commit crime once they have recognised that the pleasure gained from the rewards of committing the crime outweighs the potential pain of being apprehended (Wortley, et al, 2006). This can also be recognised as the concept of psychological hedonism, where the individual evaluates the pleasures and pains prior to committing the crime and then adjusts their behaviour accordingly, balancing the search for pleasure with the evasion of pain (Hughes, 1998). Therefore assuming that if an offender recognises that the opportunity displays a high risk of apprehension, and the benefits are outweighed by the costs, the potential offender may refrain from committing the crime. A noteworthy example is when the law in the UK made it mandatory to wear a crash helmet when riding a motor cycle for safety reasons and possibly, albeit unintentionally, reduced motor cycle theft. A potential offender who is not carrying a crash helmet may be reluctant to steal a motor cycle as the likelihood of gaining the attention of authorities is higher (Clarke, 1980). Although the opportunity for the offender to steal the vehicle was there, the increased risk of encounter with authorities may lead the offender to rationally choose to refrain from committing the crime. The underlying perspective of rational choice theory is that an individual’s choice to commit crime can be deterred because of fear of punishment or strong security measures that heighten the risk of being apprehended (Vellani, 2007). Evidence indicates that Rational Choice theory has been relatively successful due to its cost effective and efficient methods of deterring crime in contemporary society (Hayward, 2007). However, there are several critiques of rational choice theory, for example even if in certain situations a reduction in temptation or opportunities for a criminal who intends to commit crime may result in crime prevention, would this theory have the same outcome for violent and emotionally motivated crimes? Evidence suggest otherwise. An experiment conducted by Exum, indicates that an individual who is intoxicated by lcohol can behave aggressively regardless of the damaging consequences that may occur due to this behaviour (Exum, 2002). Several studies reveal that rational choice theory can be undermined when the perceived cost and benefits are not rationally weighed out by the individual due to intoxication, mental disorders, gang related crime and much more. Routine activity theory implies that the re must be a willing offender, a target (or victim), and no capable guardian present, in order for the crime to take place (Wortley, et al, 2006). Consequently, if an opportunity arises for the criminal, during his daily routine activities such as school or university, and he has calculated that the risk of being caught is outweighed by the pleasure of the crime, then it is likely to occur. It is important to understand that a capable guardian does not have to be a human, as now days CCTV is provided as a tool of monitoring and prevention. Research suggests that CCTV is a form of situational crime prevention used in order to deter criminals by the threat of being seen and even recorded. However, Richard Jones states that evaluation schemes of CCTV suggest that this form of surveillance was not as effective as expected in the 1990’s and suggested that â€Å"something as simple as street lighting may be more effective† (Jones, 2009). Furthermore, the use of CCTV has become particularly popular with British citizens since the UK riots of August 2011. According to a survey published in the Independent newspaper, three quarters of people felt that they were safer in public areas due to CCTV being in operation (2011). What seems to be the most alarming, is the fact that so many of the youth involved in the riots knew of the CCTV surveillance cameras but still continued to carry on committing crime. This demonstrates the inefficiency of CCTV for preventing crime, albeit footage can be used to warrant an arrest and be used as evidence in court. In order for situational crime prevention to work, there must be a reduction in the opportunities to commit crime, perhaps through concepts such as target hardening (Vellani, 2007). Target hardening is a crime prevention tool used to substantially increase the physical security of targets, making the target less vulnerable, especially when preventing theft. The North Yorkshire police suggest, wheel locks for cars, fencing and alarms for properties, and tough locks on windows and doors, in order to make objects and property more resistant to damage or removal (NYP, 2012). Target hardening differs from situational crime control as the aim is to make security measures visible to the potential criminal rather than taking away the criminals opportunity. This method derived from the theory of ‘Crime Prevention through Environmental Design’. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) was developed by C. Ray Jeffery in order to reduce opportunities for criminals and preventing the crime before the police or criminal justice system have to become involved (Clarke and Felson, 1993). CPTED uses the built environment to reduce criminal activity and fear of crime among the public, focusing on aspects of architectural design. There are four main strategies used to implement CPTED, which consist of the natural control of access and surveillance, territorial reinforcement and quality environments (NCPC, 2009). The idea of access control is to provide a design that offers indications as to who is allowed to access the area and who is not. This way residence can be their own security systems, with little cost, using strategies such as natural surveillance. Thus, using gateways, sidewalks and pathways to help map out the restrictions of a site that may be private, semi-private or are no longer a public space (Zahm, 2007; NCPC, 2009). The natural surveillance strategy can be enhanced by small physical features such as garden fences or flower beds as they illustrate the maintenance and care that the residents hold over their property and suggests to the potential criminal that they will be aware of trespassers (Zahm, 2007). If the criminal can see that the resident’s view from the windows looks upon the front or back garden they are likely to feel more of a risk is involved in committing the crime, than if the windows are covered by plants or are not overlooking the outside area. The theory of CPTED derived from that of Oscar Newman’s ‘Defensible space’ theory. Turning areas into ‘defensible space’ can be achieved through residential guardians monitoring their property, potentially deterring criminals from targeting their homes. Newman believed that urban residential areas could be redesigned to make them less vulnerable to crime and provide residents with additional â€Å"opportunities to control their space and defend it if necessary† (Reynald and Elffers, 2009). Newman believed that residents needed to take responsibility for the physical space around their property and in order to do so they needed to take care of the space and use it in order to encourage criminal users to stay away. A communal courtyard is an example of a space in which the residents should avoid isolating, and focus on keeping the area clean and respectable. Newman has been heavily criticised over the years for ignoring the social factors of potential criminals living inside the large council houses and in the surrounding areas. Many believe that focusing on the setting and design of a building to deter crime is less beneficial then crime prevention through analysis of social factors. Nevertheless, evidence indicates that there has been a positive outcome in many cases where a significant decline in crime related problems has happened due to the redesigning of buildings (Reynaldc and Elffers, 2009). The most significant aspect of Newman’s theory of defensible space is the idea of ‘territoriality’, meaning that residents will be able to control and defend their space. By dividing spaces into zones made up of real and symbolic barriers, the outcome will be a clear distinction between what spaces are public, semi- private and private (Newman, 1996). As stated before, physical barriers such as fences are defined as ‘real’ and symbolic barriers are those such as plants, that don’t physically limit criminals but psychologically portray to the criminal it is private and therefore restricted (Reynald and Elffers, 2009). Buildings that have large amounts of people living in them may be better protected by the natural surveillance of a receptionist, doormen, or elevator operators that can deter criminals by the increased perception that the criminal understands he may be seen (Newman, 1996). However, for low income, council housing, the natural surveillance of doormen etc. , is not a possibility due to financial restrictions. The use of sensor lighting in spaces such as stairwells and entrances to avoid blind spots and to startle an intruder may prevent criminal activity and is more cost effective for low- income families. Other examples may be to design buildings that ensure windows are overlooking car parks and entrances, and the use of moderately transparent fences in joining houses may deter criminals, as the neighbours’ ability to see if anyone is intruding (Crime stoppers, 2005). Traditional methods of preventing crime by addressing the social and psychological causes, with much focus on the individual, has not produced a significant decrease in criminal activity in many countries, specifically the UK over the past decade. Based on past, and current, research into the success of environmental controls used to prevent crime, it is clear that substantial efforts have been made to focus on changing the setting, reducing temptation and eradicating opportunities for crime to occur. The public’s increased fear of crime over the past two decades has had a considerable impact on the ground upon which crime control policies have been created, consequently leading to a populist and punitive response to tackling crime. Situational crime control methods such as target hardening, surveillance and access control have proved to successfully deter criminals by heightening the risk of apprehension and removing opportunities. CPTED has encouraged the public to take a territorial stand against crime by essentially defending their own homes and becoming their own security. Societies are recognising that simple alterations in the layout of their residential areas could potentially prevent crime. The ‘defensible space’ theory has helped law enforcement to urge the individuals to make small changes to their homes, such as lighting, direct pathways or trimming hedges that cover windows in order to reduce crime. Even if environmental crime controls are not the most effective form of preventing crime, it can be seen from the above analysis that they are still cost effective and beneficial to the public. Further research that combines the work of situation and dispositional crime prevention theories could result in a further reduction in crime. Bibliography Attorney General and Justice NSW (2011)  Displacement Theory and Crime Prevention  . [online] Available at: http://www. crimeprevention. nsw. gov. au/agdbasev7wr/_assets/cpd/m660001l2/displacementtheoryfactsheet_nov2011. pdf [Accessed: 8th May 2013]. Clarke, R. (1997)  Situational Crime Prevention Successful Case Studies. [report] New York: Harrow and Heston , p. 2-42. Clarke, R. (1980) Situational Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice . British Journal of Criminology, 20 (2), . 141. Available at: http://heinonline. org/HOL/Page? collection=journalsamp;handle=hein. journals/bjcrim20amp;div=19amp;id=amp;page=#148 [Accessed: 10th May 2013]. Clarke, R. (1983) Situational Crime Prevention: Its Theoretical Basis and Practical Scope. Chicago Journals, 4 Available at: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1147510? seq=1 [Accessed: 1st May 2013]. Clarke, R. and Felson, M. (1993)  Routine activity and rational choice. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Crime Stoppers (2005)  Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) Preventing crime through good layout and design | Crimestoppers UK. online] Available at: http://www. crimestoppers-uk. org/crime-prevention/helping-prevent-crime/community/crime-prevention-through-environmental-design-cpted [Accessed: 10 May 2013]. Ekblom, P. and Tilley, N. (2000) Going Equipped . British Journal of Criminology, 40 (3), p. 376-398. Available at: http://bjc. oxfordjournals. org/content/40/3/376. full. pdf+html? sid=e6467d4e-8345-4088-bd72-28e9bc9f934c [Accessed: 2nd May 2013]. Exum, M. (2002) The Application and Robustness of the Rational Choice Perspective In The Study of Iintoxicated and Angry Intentions to Aggress. criminology, 40 (4), p. 933-961. Available at: http://onlinelibrary. iley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1745-9125. 2002. tb00978. x/pdf [Accessed: 4th April 20 13]. Garland, D. (2000) The Culture of High Crime Societies. British Journal of Criminology, 40 (3), p. 347-375. Available at: http://bjc. oxfordjournals. org/content/40/3/347. full. pdf+html [Accessed: 4th May 2013]. Gilling, D. (2007) Making a reality of rural community safety. Safer Communities  , 6 (3), p. 7-13. Hayward, K. (2007) kwell Publishing Ltd. 2007 XXX Original Articles Social Policy amp; Administration, Vol. 41, No. 3, June 2007 Situational Crime Prevention and its Discontents: Rational Choice Theory versus the ‘Culture of Now’. Social Policy and Administration, 41 (3), p. 232-250. Available at: http://kar. kent. ac. uk/261/1/hayward2007spol_550. pdf [Accessed: 1st May 2013]. Hughes, G. (1998)  Understanding crime prevention. Buckingham [England]: Open University Press. Jones, R. (n. d. ) Surveillance . In: Hale, C. and Hayward, K. , et al. eds. (2009)  Criminology. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 532-535. Justice. govt. nz (2001)  Part C: Overview of the Target Hardening Programme Evaluation — Ministry of Justice, New Zealand. [online] Available at: http://www. justice. govt. z/publications/global-publications/e/evaluation-of-the-target-hardening-pilot-programme/part-c-overview-of-the-target-hardening-programme-evaluation [Accessed: 9 May 2013]. Matthews, R. (2002) Crime and control in late modernity. Theoretical Criminology, 6 (2), p. 217-226. Available at: http://tcr. sagepub. com/content/6/2/217. short [Accessed: 4th May 2013]. Mclaughlin, E. and Muncie, J (2001)  The Sage di ctionary of criminology. London [u. a. ]: Sage. National Crime Prevention Council (2009)  Best Practices for Using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Weed and Seed Sites. report] Arlington : National Crime Prevention Council , p. 1-8. Newman, O. (1996)  Creating defensible space. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research. North Yorkshire Police (2012)  Ten principles of crime prevention. [online] Available at: http://www. northyorkshire. police. uk/9701 [Accessed: 12 May 2013]. Reynald , D. and Elffers, H. (2009) The Future of Newmans Defensible Space Theory : Linking Defensible Space and the Routine Activities of Place. European Journal of Criminology, 6 (1), p. 5-46. Available at: http://euc. sagepub. com/content/6/1/25. full. pdf+html [Accessed: 6th May 2013]. The Independent (2011)  More support for CCTV after riots. [online] Available at: http://www. independent. co. uk/news/uk/crime/more-su pport-for-cctv-after-riots-2375768. html [Accessed: 12 May 2013]. Vellani, K. (2007)  Strategic security management. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Von Hirsch, A. and Garland, D. , et al. (2000)  Ethical and social perspectives on situational crime prevention. Oxford: Hart. Wortley, S. and Seepersad, R. , et al. 2006)  Chapter 3: Rational Choice And Routine Activities Theory. [online] Available at: http://www. children. gov. on. ca/htdocs/English/topics/youthandthelaw/roots/volume5/chapter03_rational_choice. aspx [Accessed: 9 May 2013]. Zahm, D. (2007)  Using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Problem-Solving. Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Problem-Solving Tools Series Guide Number 8. [report] U. S Department of Justice, p. 1-57. Critical Literature Review Outline and critically discuss what you see as the main examples of attempts to control crime using ‘environmental controls’ A wide range of academic literature was required in order to accurately examine the main examples of attempts to control crime using ‘environmental controls’. It has become clear that the rise of neo-liberalism, along with the public’s increased fear of crime has called upon more punitive crime control methods, especially in the UK. The rise in prison population in England and Wales went up 41,800 prisoners between the years of 1993-2012 indicating that the current social control methods, and catering to the publics want for harsher punishment does not seem to be deterring crime (MoJ, 2013). Therefore, criminologists and policy makers have progressively continued to research different methods of crime prevention. This essay will use secondary sources such as books, journal articles, reports and newspapers in order to examine the different forms of environmental crime controls used in contemporary society. The essay will investigate situational crime prevention, rational choice and routine activity theory, crime prevention through environmental design and defensible space theory as the main examples of attempts to environmentally control crime. Each of these theoretical positions make an important contribution to the environmental aspect of crime prevention that is sometimes disregarded by criminologists because of its neglect to focus on the individual offenders dispositional attributes. However this essay will attempt to uncover the strongest and most influential aspects of environmental controls, nonetheless, also taking into account and examining the reasons for such criticisms. The book by Gordon Hughes, ‘Understanding Crime Prevention’ will be used to understand the foundations of situational crime prevention and the development of administrative criminology (1998). Hughes highlights the significance of target hardening and surveillance, but more importantly refers to other academics that delve further into the analysis of situational crime prevention predominantly. Hughes work assisted in identifying the need to analyse the works of Ronald V. Clarke, and David Garland and expressed the opinions of academics like Jock Young, on the opic of crime prevention. Essentially, the book was a perfect starting point for the analysis of crime prevention and later found to be very helpful in the examination of routine activity theory. The work of David Garland in the book The Culture of Control illustrated the changes in social and political responses to crime over the past thirty years, highlighting the â€Å"link between the coming of late modernity a nd society’s increased susceptibility to crime† (Garland, 2001, p90). Garlands book aided to comprehend the political factors and the role of the criminal justice system in situational crime prevention. Several academic literatures by Ronald V Clarke were examined in order to understand the development of rational choice theory from the classical school of criminology. Clarke reports that situational crime prevention has been extremely successful in the sense that it â€Å"introduces managerial and environmental change to reduce the opportunities† for certain crimes to occur (Clarke, 1997, p1). His emphasis on the understanding that a crime cannot be simply explained through dispositional attributes is backed up by his ability to defend many of the criticisms directed at situational theories. Karim Vellani’s book ‘Strategic Security Management’ also proved to be useful when exploring the theory of rational choice, as he introduces the perspective that encourages real or perceived security measures to persuade the rational actor (criminal) that the risks of apprehension are too high to carry out the crime (Vellani, 2007). Vellani’s stress on the significance of security measures as a major crime deterrence has continued to be recognised as successful for not only rational choice theory, but also routine activity theory and crime prevention through environmental control. Routine activity theory suggests that crime occurs when the target, being an object or victim, is unprotected and the reward of the crime is worth the slight risk of being caught, then it is likely that the crime will occur (Wortley and Seepersad, 2006). The journal article The Future of Newmans Defensible Space Theory, gave exceptional insight into the development of Oscar Newman’s ‘defensible space’ theory over the past thirty five years (Reynald and Elffers, 2009). The article also highlights the decline in crime related problems attributable to the redesigning of buildings, the importance of tenants to defend their neighbouring areas and examines the use of real and symbolic forms of crime prevention. In order to fully grasp the concept of defensible